Only one author had multiple works adapted, and two novels were adapted more than once. A total of eleven films were adapted from eight novels in the Indies. Krugers and ended in 1942-before the Japanese occupation-with the adaptation of Siti Noerbaja by Lie Tek Swie. This phenomenon began in 1927 with the adaptation of Eulis Atjih by G. ![]() ![]() In this turbulent background, the social act of adapting films from novels emerged. Educated women called for women’s rights and protection of women’s welfare as the economy began to transform from one based on the production of raw goods to one based in manufacturing. The film industry itself was attempting to find a successful formula, and in its early years faced heavy competition from the theatre. The lower class, meanwhile, found its entertainment in stage performances-oral literature often loosely adapted from famous novels. ![]() Greater access to education meant an increasingly literate financial elite and, thus, a burgeoning literary industry. ![]() In the early 20 th century, the Dutch East Indies was a colony in flux.
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